Inmunoexpresión de E-cadherina y vimentina en mucosa oral normal, displasia epitelial oral y carcinoma oral de células escamosas / Immunoexpression of E-cadherin and vimentin in normal oral mucosa, oral epithelial displasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma

El objetivo fue evaluar la inmunoexpresión de E-cadherina y Vimentina en mucosa oral normal (MON), displasia epitelial oral (DEO) y carcinoma oral de células escamosas (COCE). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos analizandolos mediante técnica de inmunohistoquímica contra E-cadherina y Vimentina 16 muestras de MON, 16 de DEO y 19 de COCE. La inmunotinción fue evaluada cualitativamente considerando extensión e intensidad para E-cadherina e intensidad para Vimentina. El análisis de la extensión e intensidad de la inmunotinción de E-cadherina y Vimentina según diagnóstico reveló una asociación estadísticamente significativa (p<0,001). Siendo la expresión de E-cadherina más alta en MON, seguido por DEO y más baja en COCE, inversamente a lo que se observó con Vimentina. El presente estudio reveló la subregulación del marcador molecular E-cadherina junto con la expresión aberrante por parte de células epiteliales del marcador mesenquimal Vimentina en muestras de MON, DEO y COCE.

The aim was to evaluate the expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin in oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), in comparison with normal oral mucosa (NOM) in a descriptive case study using immunohistochemistry. A total of fifty-one (N=51) histological samples were included; as follows: n = 16 (NOM), n = 16 (OED) and n = 19 (OSCC). All samples were analyzed using immunohistochemistry against the expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin. Immunostaining was qualitatively evaluated by extent and intensity of its expression for E-cadherin and intensity for Vimentin. Extension and intensity analysis of E-cadherin and Vimentin immunostaining according to group revealed a statistically significant association (r<0.001). E-cadherin expression was found to be highest in NOM followed by OED and lowest in OSCC, inverse to what was observed with Vimentin. The present study revealed the down regulation of the molecular marker E-cadherin, suggestive of reduction in dysplastic cells on comparison to NOM cells, and aberrant expression of the mesenchymal marker Vimentin by epithelial cells in samples of NOM, OED and OSCC; questioning their value as a prognostic marker.

Violence against adolescents: an analysis based on the categories gender and generation / La violencia contra adolescentes: un análisis a la luz de las categorías género y generación / Violência contra adolescentes: uma análise à luz das categorias gênero e geração

Exploratory and descriptive study based on quantitative and qualitative methods that analyze the phenomenon of violence against adolescents based on gender and generational categories. The data source was reports of violence from the Curitiba Protection Network from 2010 to 2012 and semi-structured interviews with 16 sheltered adolescents. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20.0 and the qualitative data were subjected to content analysis. The adolescents were victims of violence in the household and outside of the family environment, as victims or viewers of violence. The violence was experienced at home, mostly toward girls, with marked overtones of gender violence. More than indicating the magnitude of the issue, this study can give information to help qualify the assistance given to victimized people and address how to face this issue.

Objetivo Analizar la violencia contra los adolescentes a la luz de las categorías de género y generación. Método Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, de abordaje cuantitativo y cualitativo que. Las fuentes de datos fueron las denuncias de violencia mantenidos por la Red de Protección en Curitiba entre los años 2010-2012 y entrevistas semi-estructuradas con 16 adolescentes alojados. Las variables cuantitativas se analizaron mediante el programa SPSS y los cualitativos por la análisis de contenido. Resultados Los adolescentes fueron sometidos a la violencia en el hogar y en el exterior, como víctimas o espectadores. La violencia fue más frecuente en el hogar, centrándose principalmente en las chicas con matices marcados de violencia de género. Conclusión Más que encontrar la magnitud del problema, el estudio puede servir de base para calificar la asistencia a las personas víctimas de este fenómeno.

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Objetivo Analisar a violência contra o adolescente à luz das categorias gênero e geração. Método Estudo exploratório, descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa. As fontes de dados foram as notificações de violência da Rede de Proteção do município de Curitiba, de 2010 a 2012, e entrevistas semiestruturadas com 16 adolescentes abrigados. As variáveis quantitativas foram analisadas pelo software SPSS e os dados qualitativos através da análise de conteúdo. Resultados Os adolescentes foram submetidos à violência no ambiente doméstico e fora dele, como vítimas ou como espectadores. Prevaleceu no domicílio, incidindo principalmente sobre as meninas, com marcada conotação de violência de gênero. Conclusão Mais que constatar a magnitude do problema, o estudo pode fornecer subsídios para qualificar a assistência prestada aos sujeitos vitimizados e subsidiar o enfrentamento do fenômeno. .

Hepatocyte antigen expression in subtypes of intestinal metaplasia of the stomach / Expresión del antígeno del hepatocito en los subtipos de metaplasia intestinal del estómago

OBJECTIVE: Recently, hepatocyte antigen (Hep) was introduced as a sensitive and reliable marker of intestinal metaplasia (IM). However, the distribution of Hep expression in subtypes of IM was not described. METHODS: We examined the expression of Hep in 58 cases of chronic gastritis associated with IM by immunohistochemical staining. Cases were classified as: 19 of IM Type I (complete) cases, 16 cases of IM Type II (incomplete) and 23 cases of IM Type III (incomplete). The distribution of Hep expression was classified into four groups according to the intensity of Hep expressing metaplastic cells: negative, low, moderate and high. We also compared expression of Hep with that of MUC-1, MUC-2 and MUC-5AC. RESULTS: Hep expression showed granular cytoplasmic staining and was specifically identified in columnar cells, but not in goblet cells. There was no significant difference between Hep expression and subtypes of IM (p > 0.005). However, the difference between the distribution of Hep expression among three subtypes of IM was significant (p < 0.001). No relationship was observed among the expression of Hep, MUC-1, MUC-2 and MUC-5AC. CONCLUSION: Results of the present study revealed that the distribution of Hep expression is high in the majority of the complete type (Type I) IM cases, moderate in the majority of the incomplete Type II IM cases and low in all of the incomplete Type III IM cases and suggest that besides its role as a sensitive marker in IM, the evaluation of the distribution of Hep expression might be useful in the classification of IM.

OBJETIVO: El antígeno del hepatocito (Hep) se introdujo recientemente como un marcador sensible y confiable de la metaplasia intestinal (MI). Sin embargo, no se describe la distribución de la expresión de Hep en los subtipos de MI. MÉTODOS: Se examinó la expresión de Hep en 58 casos de gastritis crónica asociados con MI mediante tinción inmunohistoquímica. Los casos fueron clasificados como: 19 casos de tipo MI (completo), 16 casos de tipo MI II (incompleto), y 23 casos de tipo MI III (incompleto). La distribución de la expresión del Hep se clasificó en cuatro grupos según la intensidad de Hep, que expresa las células metaplásticas: negativa, baja, moderada y alta. También se comparó la expresión de Hep con la de MUC-1, MUC-2 y MUC-5AC. RESULTADOS: La expresión de Hep mostró tinción citoplasmática granular, específicamente identificada en las células columnares, pero no en las células caliciformes. No hubo ninguna diferencia significativa entre la expresión de Hep y los subtipos de MI (p > 0.005). Sin embargo, la diferencia entre la distribución de la expresión del Hep entre tres subtipos de MI fue significativa (p < 0.001). No se observó relación alguna entre la expresión de Hep, MUC-1, MUC-2 y MUC-5AC. CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados del presente estudio revelaron que la distribución de la expresión de Hep es alta en la mayoría de los casos MI de tipo completo (tipo I), moderada en la mayoría de los casos MI de tipo II, y baja en todos los casos MI de tipo III incompleto. Los resultados sugieren que además de su papel como marcador sensible en MI, la evaluación de la distribución de expresión del Hep podría ser útil en la clasificación de MI.

Receptores tipo Toll, patogénesis y respuesta inmune a Helicobacter pylori / Toll-like receptors, pathogenesis and immune response to Helicobacter pylori

Helicobacter pylori coloniza el epitelio gástrico y la mayoría de las personas infectadas es asintomática, de 10 al 20 por ciento desarrolla gastritis atrófica, úlcera péptica, y menos de 3 por ciento genera cáncer gástrico. Estas patologías están determinadas por la relación entre los factores de virulencia de la bacteria y los factores del hospedero como predisposición genética y respuesta inmune. La inmunidad innata, representada principalmente por los receptores tipo Toll y tipo Nod, reconocen a sus ligandos específicos y activan factores de transcripción como NF-kB, AP-1, CREB-1, induciendo la producción de citocinas inflamatorias como IL-8, IL-12, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18 y TNF-α, e IL-10. La inflamación crónica favorece los cambios de morfología gástrica, evita la apoptosis y favorece la angiogénesis, ocasionando lesiones neoplásicas y cáncer. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los mecanismos propuestos a la fecha de la respuesta inmune innata y adaptativa, involucrados en la infección por H. pylori, y se puntualiza en los mecanismos de eliminación o persistencia de la infección.

Helicobacter pylori colonize the gastric epithelial, most infected people are asymptomatic, 10 to 20 percent develop atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcer and less than 3 percent gastric cancer. These diseases are determined by the relationship between virulence factors of bacteria, host factors such as, genetic predisposition, and immune response. The innate immune response mainly represented by Toll-like receptors and Nod-like receptors that recognize their specific ligands, activate transcription factors as NF-kB, AP-1, CREB-1, inducing production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL -8, IL-12, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α and IL-10. Chronic inflammation promotes gastric morphological changes, prevents apoptosis and allows angiogenesis generating neoplasic lesions and cancer. The aim of this review is to analyze the mechanisms proposed to date of the innate and adaptative immune response involved in H. pylori infection; remarking the mechanisms related in the elimination or persistence.

Ki-67 expression in anal intraepithelial neoplasia in AIDS

CONTEXT: AIDS is one of the most important risk factors for progression and recurrence of anogenital condyloma. In a previous work, we observed that patients with warts and high-grade AIN (HAIN) had recurrences more frequently than did patients with warts without AIN. The mechanisms of this increased incidence of high-grade lesions in AIDS are not known. OBJECTIVE: We studied the expression of the proliferative marker Ki-67 by immunohistochemical methods, in specimens of anal condyloma from HIV+ patients to clarify whether its expression can be associated to the grade of AIN. DESIGN: A retrospective study of hiltological specimens. SETTING: University referral unit. SAMPLE: 34 patients were divided into two groups: (1) condylomas with low grade AIN (LAIN), with 25 patients; and (2) condylomas with HAIN, with 9 patients. In this latter group we examined two areas: 2A (HAIN area) and 2B (LAIN area). MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The immunohistochemical reaction for Ki-67 was done on histological sections. Slices were lightly stained with hematoxylin, to help us in Ki-67 positive cell counting. The percentage of Ki-67 marked nuclei was calculated. We applied one-way variance analysis for statistics. RESULTS: The mean number of Ki-67 positive cells in group 1 was 19.68 + or - 10.99; in group 2 (area A) it was 46.73 + or - 10.409; and in area B it was 36.43 + or - 14.731. There were statistical differences between groups 1 and 2A and between groups 1 and 2B. Ki-67 positive cells predominated in the lower layer in LAIN. Positive Ki-67 cells were found in all layers in group 2A, and in group 2B they predominated in the two lower or in all layers of the epithelium. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that LAIN areas (using routine staining techniques) in HAIN can have a biological behavior more similar to HAIN

Immunological studies in oral submucous fibrosis.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a high risk precancerous condition. The possible role of immunological factors in the pathogenesis of this condition was evaluated in 113 cases and 25 controls. The male/female ratio was 1.5/1. The mean age of males was significantly lower than that of females. The mean ESR levels were within normal limits, but for a higher than 20 mm fall per hr. in 40% of the cases. The serum IgA, IgG, and IgM levels were elevated significantly as compared to the controls. Circulating auto-antibodies and tissue-deposited antibodies were also found in 33% and 40% of the cases, respectively. From the analysis of the results, it is difficult to ascribe an auto-immune basis for the causation of OSMF. The female bias and elder age group, the factors generally considered in favour of an immune disorder, was not found in our study. However, raised ESR in 40% and serum globulin levels in 47% of the patients, distinctly higher levels of serum immunoglobulins, and positivity for circulating and tissue deposited antibodies in 33% and 34% of the cases respectively, do indicate an immunological basis. Therefore, further studies are required to ascertain the role of cellular immune mechanism and genetic parameters to explain the etiopathogenesis of this complex clinical entity.